this post was submitted on 06 Jun 2025
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Map of the various sign languages spoken across Turtle Island, excluding Francosign languages. Plains Sign Language is labelled in red as Hand Talk

Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), also known as Hand Talk, Plains Sign Talk, Plains Sign Language, or First Nation Sign Language, is an endangered sign language common to the majority of Indigenous nations of North America, notably those of the Great Plains, Northeast Woodlands, and the Great Basin. It was, and continues to be, used across what is now central Canada, the central and western United States and northern Mexico. This language was used historically as a lingua franca, notably for international relations, trade, and diplomacy; it is still used for story-telling, oratory, various ceremonies, and by deaf people for ordinary daily use.

In 1885, it was estimated that there were over 110,000 "sign-talking Indians", including Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Sioux, Kiowa, and Arapaho. As a result of the European colonization of the Americas, most notably including American boarding and Canadian residential schools, the number of sign talkers has declined sharply. However, growing interest and preservation work on the language has increased its use and visibility in the 21st century. Historically, some have likened its more formal register, used by men, to Church Latin in function. It is primarily used today by Elders and Deaf citizens of Indigenous nations.

History

Hand Talk's history is intimately associated with both ancient and recent petroglyphs of the continent, however, little is known to academia about Plains Sign Talk's historical antecedents. The earliest records of contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples of the Gulf Coast region in what is now Texas and northern Mexico note a fully-formed sign language already in use by the time of the Europeans' arrival there. These records include the accounts of Cabeza de Vaca in 1527 and Coronado in 1541.

Signing may have started in the south of North America, perhaps in northern Mexico or Texas, and only spread into the Plains in recent times, though this suspicion may be an artifact of European observation. It is known that there is a complex of Maya sign languages called Meemul Chʼaabʼal or Meemul Tziij in the Kʼicheʼ language, but it is unknown to what extent Meemul Tziij has affected Hand Talk.

The Northwest is home to Plateau Sign Language, which is either a single language or a family of sign languages spoken by the local nations. It is also unknown how associated Plateau Sign Language is with Hand Talk, but it is probable that they are related. Although it is still spoken, especially by the Ktunaxa, the Plateau nations historically shifted to using Chinook Jargon instead

In recent years, the Oneida Nation has taken steps to revive their sign language. Historically, the nations of the Northeast Woodlands, like the Haudenosaunee, spoke a variant of Hand Talk. The Oneida Sign Language Project officially began in 2016, and more signs are being added to this day.

Geography

Sign language use has been documented across speakers of at least 37 spoken languages in twelve families, spread across an area of over 2.6 million square kilometres (1 million square miles). In recent history, it was highly developed among the Crow, Cheyenne, Arapaho and Kiowa, among others, and remains strong among the Crow, Cheyenne and Arapaho.

Melanie R. McKay-Cody, a Cherokee Deaf woman and Hand Talk speaker/researcher, motions that "Plains" Sign Language is actually a family of inter-related languages extending beyond the Great Plains. She breaks down the regional languages as: Northeast Hand Talk (including Oneida Sign Language), Plains Sign Language, Great Basin Sign Language (spoken, for example, by the Ute), and Southwest Hand Talk. She also notes a West Coast language spoken by the Chumash, and she advances the idea that Inuit Sign Language has some relation to this complex of manual North American Indigenous languages. Unmentioned is Coast Salish Sign Language. Within each of these languages, she explains that nations will themselves have specific dialects, such as the Blackfoot.

Southwest Hand Talk is spoken by the Navajo, Hopi, Apache, and Pueblo peoples. However, amongst the Navajo and Keres people, there are two unrelated sign languages also spoken: Keresan Sign Language and, by a Navajo clan with a large number of deaf members, Navajo Family Sign. Likewise, Plateau Sign Language may or may not be related to Hand Talk.

The hidden history of “Hand Talk”

reminders:

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  • 💙 Hexbear’s algorithm prioritizes comments over upbears
  • 💜 Sorting by new you nerd
  • 🌈 If you ever want to make your own megathread, you can reserve a spot here nerd
  • 🐶 Join the unofficial Hexbear-adjacent Mastodon instance toots.matapacos.dog

Links To Resources (Aid and Theory):

Aid:

Theory:

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[–] rhubarb@hexbear.net 2 points 1 hour ago

Anyone down to do some phallocentric communication later today?

[–] BanSwitch2Buyers@hexbear.net 3 points 2 hours ago* (last edited 2 hours ago)

When the Low Mods Rise
Postelaire

When the heavy moderation weighs like a
lid on my spirit, yearning to post
And when the modlog stretches to the horizon,
sadly removing more comments than any sad silence,
When the replies stretch down as prison bars,
And new alts are created, hurting their timid pride
And bitterness behind the signup self-flagellation
And the dripping digital gulag walls...

When the rain of notifications streak down,
A silent swarm of removed come to weave
into the site their smug callout threads
Then suddenly the Admin pins a post.
Casting their hideous new rules to the front page--
Like wailing wraiths shrieking "problematic!" across the site
With woke posts upbeared high.

My account is banned as slow processions of accusations
And misinfo pierce my soul
My defeated account bursts into cri
Long chains of locked threads stretch endlessly...
And the woke tyrant, IDPOL,
plants neo-pronouns on my abandoned account

[–] Carl@hexbear.net 6 points 5 hours ago

been listening to this one particular smooth jazz playlist while doing ridesharing... man these people play "the riff" in every single song.

[–] iArtemis@hexbear.net 5 points 6 hours ago

trying to take care of a cat with gingivitis and all of the pet toothbrushes are so much harder than the people ones... why is this world so needlessly cruel

[–] Comrade_Mushroom@hexbear.net 7 points 7 hours ago* (last edited 6 hours ago)

Probably not a super common opinion I imagine, but I wish developers (or producers more likely) would respect the settings of their own games a little more. All these immersion-annihilating crossovers, memes and references are feeling extremely played out.

I understand "indie studios" (AKA teams of 30+ people with the resources of enormous corporate publishers) eagerly welcome crossovers for the sake of growing their brand, but as a player it thoroughly dilutes my interest to see a bunch of clashing aesthetics overlap.

[–] BanSwitch2Buyers@hexbear.net 7 points 7 hours ago

Guy who refers to just taking entire tracks and selling them as your own as "sampling"

[–] CrawlMarks@hexbear.net 10 points 10 hours ago* (last edited 7 hours ago)

My Spanish is not very good. A middle adult age mexican coupple is moving into the appartmnet in the building here. I helped them carry their oversized heavy ass folding couch up a few flights of stairs and get it in their unit. Then I gave them some beers. It is what marx would have wanted

[–] oscardejarjayes@hexbear.net 11 points 11 hours ago (1 children)

Took a peek at Twitter. I saw a lot of self-proclaimed leftists acting like the conservative strawman of liberals. I hurry back to Hexbear.

[–] oscardejarjayes@hexbear.net 9 points 10 hours ago (3 children)

Like, writing 5 full length replies about oppression in response to a guy's 5 word tweet (correctly) correcting a word. Or talking about how misgendering is more important than Gaza.

The worst thing though was when a bunch of "communists" replied to a right-wingers tweet about the USSR with agreement.

I can get Slammer's memes from the blog, so the only account I was mildly interested in is aldanmarki, who is suspended. Trying to look beyond that was a mistake.

[–] thelastaxolotl@hexbear.net 5 points 9 hours ago

Yea, i pretty much just look at the third-worldist part of leftist twitter because the rest its discourse about the dsa, acp or musk/trump which gets old quick

[–] FunkyStuff@hexbear.net 6 points 9 hours ago

I hop on xcancel to see what Fredda (@PunishedFredda) has been posting because we share very similar interests and he's pretty close to the Hexbear party line (he's not anti-Ukraine, but has consistently criticized NATO more than Russia).

I also like Eyup Lovely when he isn't unironically rowing with twitter users over something controversial he said. No hate, though, the abuse he got after calling out Owen Jones for SA when he is a victim himself was beyond the pale; I get why he pulled the mask down a little bit there.

[–] Frogmanfromlake@hexbear.net 6 points 10 hours ago

Nato Leftists are a waste and should immediately just call themselves social liberals. I think eventually what is now known as a NATO leftist will one day become synonymous with DemSoc and Neoliberal with SocDem.

[–] HarryLime@hexbear.net 7 points 10 hours ago (2 children)
[–] GalaxyBrain@hexbear.net 5 points 8 hours ago

My uncle had this wolf photo on his wall when I was a kid

[–] Chana@hexbear.net 4 points 8 hours ago

Many people are saying this

[–] thelastaxolotl@hexbear.net 9 points 11 hours ago (1 children)

This is what the Kkkore WorldSS truly fear

tweet

[–] LocalOaf@hexbear.net 5 points 10 hours ago (1 children)
[–] KuroXppi@hexbear.net 1 points 57 minutes ago

Blast me.. uh shit i mean blast em oh-shit

[–] Euergetes@hexbear.net 7 points 11 hours ago* (last edited 11 hours ago)

"roman" is a very interesting visual design theme, tbh. there's like 2-3 actual elements and then just vibes that go with them, and all of these are shared with any other hellenistic vibe.

it'd be fun to take nondescript hellenistic scenes and change the palette and ask if people think theyre greek or roman honestly. red is kinda coded roman, or spartan

[–] SpiderFarmer@hexbear.net 5 points 10 hours ago

There's that bit in Always Sunny where someone is like "I feel like when I'm winning at that game, I'm winning at life." Nightreign gives me the opposite feeling. I had time for one game and I fucked up on the first night, only level 2. I felt like a failure and less valuable as a human being. Meanwhile everyone else seems to be at the endgame.

Fuck this.

[–] wombat@hexbear.net 5 points 10 hours ago

it is june 6 and stalin saved the world from fascism

[–] SevenSkalls@hexbear.net 18 points 15 hours ago

Apparently shit was popping off in Los Angeles today. ICE was doing raids all over the city. I've seen some clips. There were flash bangs, someone almost run over by a car. I know they did stuff in Chicago and Denver before. They just attacking one city at a time to do this stuff?

It's awful but it also seems to be causing quite the backlash. Hope it at least radicalize some people to join an organization.

[–] WizardOfLoneliness@hexbear.net 9 points 13 hours ago

storm's a brewin'

[–] CocteauChameleons@hexbear.net 18 points 15 hours ago* (last edited 15 hours ago) (1 children)

Apparently its wrong to attack the leader of a mafia that extorts medication for the sick and disabled, and the supporters of a genocidal regime. Guess I took the wrong message from those superhero movies this country financed.

[–] BanSwitch2Buyers@hexbear.net 7 points 14 hours ago

I'm make sure to periodically shake my head when watching John Q. to let people know I don't approve of Denzel's character's actions in the film.

[–] CrispyFern@hexbear.net 10 points 14 hours ago (1 children)

There is no order to the stages of grief

[–] CrawlMarks@hexbear.net 4 points 11 hours ago

Wrong. There is my order!

[–] WizardOfLoneliness@hexbear.net 6 points 12 hours ago (1 children)

I REALLY need to grow weed because the cost to buy it is so exorbitant but it is so very necessary to my quality of life

I think i fucked up though, this seedling just never did anything. It sprouted and then never grew further and now 2 weeks later it's turning yellow, still no primary leaf development

Was it just a dud or did i fuck up leaving it outside? I figured the last one i fucked up by not acclimating it properly (wind force twisted and killed it i guess, friction with the pot wore through the stem or something) so i left this one outside as soon as it sprouted. But it just never DID anything, just sitting there with its cotyledons

[–] ClathrateG@hexbear.net 1 points 9 hours ago* (last edited 9 hours ago) (1 children)

what type of dirt did you use? did you come across seeds or buy feminised ones online?

personally I've always had success using root riot after germination, then implant the cubes into dirt pots after first shoots and roots are established

And buying feminised seeds online is much better than sifting out duds and males from other seed sources, and you can choose an auto flower strain if time to yield is something you care about, and what % indica/sativa cross you want

Other than that I guess you looked up sensible lighting and water/feeding schedule, and didnt go under or over on any of those varibles?

[–] WizardOfLoneliness@hexbear.net 1 points 7 hours ago

Just like idk regular dirt. All my other pottedv plants are in the same shit and be bangin

It was a seed of indeterminate age though, i have an old tupperware with like, seeds and shit. Probably 2+ years old. So i figure it was just like too old idk. It sprouted and i planted it and then it it outside but aside from growing an inch past the dirt it never did anything else 😔

I gave it fertilizer but it still did nothing

[–] KuroXppi@hexbear.net 7 points 13 hours ago (1 children)
[–] Abracadaniel@hexbear.net 7 points 11 hours ago

Cool cool, cool.

chopper sound like baby shark cause it go doo doo doo

[–] goatmeal@hexbear.net 6 points 13 hours ago (1 children)

Talk to the hand cuz the face ain't listening

[–] comrade_pibb@hexbear.net 3 points 9 hours ago

I was just thinking about this today

[–] miz@hexbear.net 7 points 14 hours ago

im in a hole of despair, it's corrosive living in a society that is attacking children's entertainers for saying we shouldn't hurt kids

I fucking hate it here

[–] SterlingPooper@hexbear.net 9 points 15 hours ago (1 children)

5 years since I had a friend group. It's like Thandos snappled them all!

[–] miz@hexbear.net 8 points 14 hours ago

I'm friends with podcast hosts, they never seem to hear my comments when we get together but we have a great time

[–] SpiderFarmer@hexbear.net 7 points 14 hours ago

The Hooters discussion today reminded me of this little gem. Maybe not worksafe, but not for the reasons you'd think. Just some next level irony and dark humor.

[–] ShimmeringKoi@hexbear.net 8 points 15 hours ago

An algorithm that detects when you're arguing with someone online and sends you a notification when someone likes their comment

[–] HarryLime@hexbear.net 3 points 12 hours ago

Marcelo Mayer hitting his first MLB home run, in Yankee Stadium no less, is nice but I would like the Red Sox to stop sucking please

[–] forcefemjdwon@hexbear.net 9 points 16 hours ago

Heartbreaking—dialectical materialist arbitrary applies negation of the negation, upholds vulgar dyad

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