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You know you fucked up real good when Mr. Oatmeal gets involved.

No, that's not really a useful way of modeling it for the case of light traveling through a linear medium.

The absorption/re-emission model implicitly localizes the photons, which is problematic

think about it in an uncertainty principle (or diffraction limit) picture: it implies that the momentum is highly uncertain, which means that the light would get absorbed but re-emitted in every direction, which doesn't happen. So instead you can make arguments about it being a delocalized photon and being absorbed and re-emitted coherently across the material, but this isn't really the same thing as the "ping pong balls stopping and starting again" model.

Another problem is to ask why the light doesn't change color in a (linear) medium

because if it's getting absorbed and re-emitted, and is not hitting a nice absorption line, why wouldn't it change energy by exchanging with the environment/other degrees of freedom? (The answer is it does do this

it's called Raman scattering, but that is generally a very weak effect.)

The absorption/emission picture does work for things like fluorescence. But Maxwell's equations, the Schrödinger equation, QED

these are wave equations.

I kinda assumed any Mars mission would include some simple centrifugal pod. Seems like even if it's just for sleeping it would be useful.

Dispersion and nonlinearities would like to have a word ;)

*in vacuo

IIRC chvt is a privileged command, which makes sense (if an unprivileged user could execute this command they could effectively brick the computer for a local user).

That said, my understanding is that modern DE's are given a lot of access, so presumably chvt is allowed (and in this case, is required because as others mentioned, password is required). So the only other option is to fail unlocked, which is all kinds of Bad.

And over twice the GDP.

"Wow you signed the document in blood, you must be really hardcore."

"No I'm just cheap."

That's...pretty believable.

proxmox nudes

No judgement here, you just keep doing what makes you happy.

While neat, this is not self-sustaining

it's taking more energy to power it than you're getting out of it. (You can build a fusion device on your garage if you're so inclined, though obviously this is much neater than that!)

One viewpoint is that we'll never get clean energy from these devices, not because they won't work, but because you get a lot of neutrons out of these devices. And what do we do with neutrons? We either bash them into lead and heat stuff up (boring and not a lot of energy), or we use them to breed fissile material, which is a lot more energetically favorable. So basically, the economically sound thing to do is to use your fusion reactor to power your relatively conventional fission reactor. Which is still way better than fossil fuels IMHO, so that's something.

That's the American experience.

That may be your American experience, but it's not everyone's. We are a huge country, and while there's of course truth behind the stereotypes, the glib "'Murica dumb" sentiment doesn't exactly capture everyone's experience.

My city (San Francisco) has been continuously improving bike infrastructure and is actively closing streets off to cars, we have a diverse food culture, we don't allow gun stores in the city, and our de facto recreational drug is weed, not coke (though yes, the city does have a fentanyl problem). And I use metric units in lab for my California-based employer.

To address OP's question, I'll add a +1 to all the Ken Burns recommendations. Not an exhaustive history, but it's a great start!