Freelance interpreters say that the Norwegian government is breaking its own promises about fair working conditions. "We have a right to live like everyone else," says a user of interpretation services.
Written by Maja Mathisen. Photos by Frode Fjerdingstad and Maja Mathisen. Published October 9, 2025, at 5:13 AM.
Bibbi Hagerupsen is Deaf and has low vision. She relies on interpreters to participate in social activities outside of work. She has used interpretation services for 35 years.
"I am a hostage of the NAV^[NAV refers to the Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration.] system. Please, dear politicians! The system must be changed. Freelance interpreters need good wages and working conditions. I need to be able to request interpreters without worrying about whether I'll actually get one."
These are the words of 55-year-old Bibbi Hagerupsen in a Facebook post.
Most people can eat dinner with friends or take a hike in the woods without issue, but Hagerupsen, who is Deaf and has low vision, needs an interpreter in order to participate in these sorts of activities. Unfortunately for her, however, freelance interpreters don't desire these sorts of short-duration assignments, due to low pay.^[Footnote from article with own notes: Freelance interpreters have some of the lowest honorarsats in all of Norway, based on pay grade 29. Pay grades refer to the tables of remuneration negotiated by the parties in the workplace [i.e. employer and union]. Pay grade 29 has a gross annual pay of 390,100 NOK (~38,397 USD). Honorarsats refers to pay rates for a generally individual or temporary assignment performed by someone who is not employed by the one paying, and can therefore not receive a proper wage or salary. Honorar is commonly translated as "fee".] This situation has led freelance interpreters and users of their services to now accuse the Norwegian government of social dumping.^[Footnote from article: Social dumping refers to workers who experience worse pay and working conditions than normal for their line of work. Source: Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees.]
This accusation comes after the Ministry of Labor and Social Inclusion published an action plan against social dumping and work-related criminality this summer. The ministry's plan was created after NRK published an article in which the Norwegian police stated that they believed that organized criminals from Romania have taken over food delivery services in Oslo.
What is a freelance interpreter?
A freelance interpreter is not employed by NAV, but is paid by NAV to interpret for d/Deaf, d/Deafblind and hard-of-hearing people through agreements with the interpretation service in NAV's Assistive Technology Center. Freelance interpreters have the same education and qualifications as employed interpreters, and can be given the same types of assignments.
Freelance interpreters are utilized when employed interpreters are unavailable, or when there are many assignments and the interpretation service needs extra help.
Source: NAV.
Feels overlooked
Helge Edland leads the organization Interpreters in the Norwegian Union of University and College Graduates (Tolker i Akademikerforbundet, abbrev. TiA), and is a freelance interpreter for NAV. He lives in Stavanger^[Stavanger is one of Norway's largest cities, with a municipal population of 150,123 (4th) and a metropolitan population of 364,308 (3rd) as of 2025. Stavanger was founded in 1125 AD on the Stavanger peninsula in the middle of Rogaland county in Norway's southwest; the peninsula is surrounded by fjords. Stavanger is home to the headquarters of the NATO Joint Warfare Center as well as Equinor, a state-owned petroleum company desperately trying to reform its image. Equinor is the largest company in the Nordic region and Stavanger is called the Oil Capital of Norway.] but travels to a wide variety of locations across Norway for interpretation assignments. He says that the government's action plan was created based on media coverage and overlooks knowledge workers like himself.
Helge Edland has taken freelance assignments from NAV for more than 20 years as a speech-to-text interpreter for the d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing.
—"NAV's interpretation service is doing in practice exactly what the department is trying to fight against. The department has nice words and intentions, but as long as they continue to undermine us and our opportunities to have quality pay and good working conditions, I will continue to have little faith that we the members of TiA will see our situation improve," Edland says, referring to NAV's proposal to put much of the interpretation service out to tender.^[Footnote from article: The proposal is for three quarters of the hours of the interpretation service to be performed by private actors. Source: Norwegian Union of University and College Graduates.] [NAV] presented this proposal as a solution to interpreters' dissatisfaction regarding pay and working conditions.
Why don't freelance interpreters want the interpretation service to be privatized?
NAV is working on plans to put the interpretation service out to tender. This means that NAV themselves will no longer have control over the freelance interpreters, but that private companies will instead have the responsibility of allocating interpreters to those who need them. TiA and a number of freelance interpreters believe that this invitation to tender will create another component in the system to finance, which can both prove to be more expensive, and result in a disorganized and overall worse and less accessible interpretation service, without even the interpreters themselves getting better pay as a result.
Hagerupsen agrees with Edland.
—"I have to place my order for an interpreter through NAV's interpretation service well ahead of time in order to keep my hopes up that I will be able to participate in social activities in the sign language community. So I feel trapped in the NAV system, where I don't get to use my right to independence and freedom without worrying about whether or not I'll get an interpreter for the things I want to do. So NAV are themselves doing social dumping," she says.
Hagerupsen needs an interpreter to go to a café; the interpreter doubles as a sighted guide.
Hagerupsen commutes to work from Drammen^[Drammen is the administrative center of Buskerud county. It is the seventh most populous municipality in Norway with 105,800 people as of 2025, and it is located along the Oslo Fjord, southwest of Oslo proper in eastern Norway. Drammen and Oslo are roughly half an hour apart by train; Drammen is on the fringes of Greater Oslo.] to Oslo every day. In her free time she wants to engage in physical activities like swimming or hiking, but she ends up having to stay home because she can't get access to an interpreter.
—"Have to prioritize the assignments"
Deaf, d/Deafblind and hard-of-hearing people's right to an interpreter is guaranteed by § 10-7 of the National Insurance Act (Folketrygdloven), which covers interpretation during interactions with healthcare professionals, in the workplace, in education and in everyday life.
NAV's acting director Tormod Moland says that interpretation in daily life has a lower priority, but that they always try to find an interpreter for every assignment.
—"We have to prioritize the assignments we get: healthcare gets the highest priority, after that important events such as funerals, as well as interpretation for work and education."
NAV employs some 250 interpreters at present, and in 2024 ~69% of interpretation hours were covered by a total of 360 freelance interpreters, according to NAV's director of welfare Nina Tangnæs Grønvold. The Norwegian Association of the Deaf estimates that there are roughly 16,500 users of Norwegian Sign Language.
—"I would absolutely be more isolated without freelance interpreters," Hagerupsen says.
Bibbi Hagerupsen with her interpreter, Monica Glåmen.
—"Applies throughout all workplaces"
NRK has asked Tonje Brenna, who was the Minister of Labor when the action plan was published, about the criticism. The department has answered through state secretary Ingrid Marie Vaag Endrerud.
—"Does the action plan show consideration for freelance interpreters, and if so, how?"
—"We work hard to create safe and quality workplaces for all people. The government's action plan against social dumping and work-related criminality applies throughout all workplaces, including state organs," Endrerud says.
Endrerud says that a new remuneration system^[NO: Honorarmodell; see footnote 2 for an explanation of honorar, and modell is obviously just the word "model".] for freelance interpreters will be implemented come 2026.
—"The new system involves raising the pay rates somewhat, and also paying interpreters for meeting up for an assignment as opposed to only paying for length of time. This will make shorter assignments more lucrative for freelancers and accordingly increase access to sign language interpreters at night."
NRK has asked for more information about the new remuneration system, but has not received an answer yet. NRK also contacted representatives in the Progress and Conservative parties for comment; they told NRK to contact other people in the parties, but those people have not responded, either.
Delay of invitation to tender
According to NAV's plans, the freelance interpretation service was to have been put out to tender by now; framework agreements between NAV and one or more providers for the service were supposed to have been in effect by the middle of 2025.
—"We understood that this was a complex task and that the process could end up taking some time, as it in practice has. The reason why it has been difficult to estimate when we will have secured providers for the service is that we don't have much previous experience to compare this tendering to, as this is the first time we've put this sort of interpretation service out to tender," NAV's acting director Tormod Moland says. "This is why we want to be thorough in our work: we have to turn over every stone and there are a lot of stones to be turned. But we're expecting the invitation to finally hit the market some time this fall."
That was basically the case of the woman I met: although she did go to a Deaf school, she had apparently been basically wholly integrated into hearing culture for a looooong time, and seemed to treat NSL a bit like how most Irish people seem to treat Gaeilge. I found it very striking.
I was also going to remark on how NRK contacted two conservative right-wing parties for their commentary, so I have to wonder if NRK is semi-deliberately trying to make the case poorly. Then again, the Deaf Association also seemed pretty satisfied with how this article turned out, asking people to share it around to create awareness. So I guess at least they thought that the article made the case well.