Technology

One aspect to keep in mind is extreme weather due to climate change. Indoor farming provides a controlled environment, which helps ensure a stable food supply. I think questions like efficiency are secondary in face of that. If you have a heatwave that kills all the crops then you get a famine, and that's the risk that needs to be mitigated going forward.

That said, I don't think you necessarily need to have vertical farms. Maybe simply creating giant greenhouses where you can keep a stable temperature on regular soil it good enough. But this is absolutely something that needs to be explored actively given where we're headed.